Salvia sclarea
| Salvia sclarea | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Salvia |
| Species: | S. sclarea
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| Binomial name | |
| Salvia sclarea | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Salvia sclarea, the clary or clary sage (clary deriving from Middle English clarie, from Anglo-Norman sclaree, from Late or Medieval Latin sclarēia meaning clear), is a biennial (short-lived) herbaceous perennial in the genus Salvia.[2] It is native to the northern Mediterranean Basin and to some areas in north Africa and Central Asia.[citation needed] The plant has long been cultivated as an herb and is currently grown for its essential oil.[3]
Description
[edit]Salvia sclarea reaches 3 to 4 ft (0.91 to 1.22 m) in height, with thick, square stems covered in hairs. The leaves are approximately 1 ft (0.30 m) long at the base, and .5 ft (0.15 m) long higher up on the plant. The upper leaf surface is rugose, and covered with glandular hairs. The flowers are in verticils, with between two and six flowers in each verticil, and are held in large colorful bracts that range in color from pale mauve to lilac or white-to-pink with a pink mark on the edge. The lilac or pale-blue corolla is approximately 1 in (2.5 cm), with the lips held wide open.[3] The cultivar S. sclarea 'Turkestanica' bears pink stems, petiolate leaves, and white, pink-flecked blossoms on spikes that grow up to 30 inches (76 cm) tall.[4]
History
[edit]The plant’s medicinal uses are described as far back as the 4th century BCE, in the writings of Theophrastus, as well as in the 1st century CE writings of Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder).[5]
Clary seeds have a mucilaginous coat, which is why some centuries-old herbal guides recommend placing a seed into the eye of someone with a foreign object in it so that it could adhere to the object and make it easy to remove. This practice is noted by Nicholas Culpeper in his Complete Herbal (1653), who referred to the plant as "clear-eye".[6]
It has also long been used as an additive to wine and beer. In 16th-century Germany elderflower-infused clary was added to Rhine wines to make a more potent beverage known as Muscatel.[7]
Uses
[edit]
The distilled essential oil of Salvia sclarea is used widely in perfumes and as a muscatel-like flavoring for vermouths, wines, and liqueurs.[3] It is also used in aromatherapy.[8]
In the United States, this oil is mostly produced on a large scale in and around Bertie County in northeastern North Carolina.[9]
The chemical sclareol contained in clary sage oil has a low molecular weight and is absorbed transdermally.[10] In an experiment in which sclareol was dissolved in jojoba oil and applied to mice, (1) it was detected in the blood 30 minutes after application and (2) higher concentrations of sclareol were detected in the liver but did not cause liver dysfunction.[citation needed]
Gallery
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Salvia sclarea essential oil -
Plants of Salvia sclarea -
Plant of Salvia sclarea -
Clusters of clary flowers -
Close-up -
Close-up -
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Leaves
References
[edit]- ^ "Salvia sclarea L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ "Salvia sclarea (Clary Sage, Clear Eye, Europe Sage, Eyebright) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ a b c Clebsch, Betsy; Barner, Carol D. (2003). The New Book of Salvias. Timber Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-88192-560-9.
- ^ Mark Griffiths (1995). Index of Garden Plants (2nd American ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-246-3..
- ^ Wagner, Charles; De Gezelle, Jillian; Komarnytsky, Slavko (2020-02-28). "Celtic Provenance in Traditional Herbal Medicine of Medieval Wales and Classical Antiquity". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 11: 105. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00105. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 7058801. PMID 32184721.
- ^ "The Complete Herbal: Clary, or More Properly Clear-Eye". bibliomania.com.
- ^ Kowalchik, Claire; Hylton, William H. (15 January 1998). Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Rodale. ISBN 978-0-87596-964-0.
- ^ Kintzios, Spiridon E. (2000). Sage: The Genus Salvia. CRC Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-90-5823-005-8.
- ^ Leffingwell, John C.; Stallings, John W.; Sellers, Franklin O.; Lloyd, Robert A. & Kane Jr., Franklin C. (1974). "Clary Sage Production in the Southeastern United States". 6th International Congress of Essential Oils.
- ^ Matsumoto, Yutaka; Horikawa, Kazumasa (2022). "Transdermal Absorption of Sclareol, an Active Ingredient in Clary Sage Oil: A Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Menopausal Symptoms". Women. 2 (3): 304–312. doi:10.3390/women2030028.